Effects of changing spatial scale on acoustic observations of patchiness in the Gulf Stream

We examine the influence of spatial scale on studies of nektonic patchiness at the north edge of the Gulf Stream by altering the grain size of acoustic cross sections and applying a patch-finding algorithm. From original pictures of 180 pixels deep by 540–1260 pixels long, we averaged depth and length, to give 9 scales ranging from fine grain (1 m vertical × 25 m horizontal sized pixels) to coarse grain (12 m × 300 m sized pixels). Measures of overall echo intensity within patches were the most predictable and showed little change with scale. Measures of variability of the echo within patches showed simple negative trends with scale and were best measured at fine spatial scales. Patch size and shape related variables have a more complex relationship with scale with differences between day and night transects more pronounced at intermediate scales. This suggests behavioral patch forming mechanisms within the nekton occur at a specific grain size (4 m vertical × 100 m horizontal) within the Gulf Stream front.     

Spatio-temporal modelling of broad scale heterogeneity in soil moisture content: a basis for an ecologically meaningful classification of soil landscapes

We describe the classification of landscapes characterised bymineral soil using a model that calculates soil moisture availability on amonthly basis. Scotland is used as a case study area. The model uses potentialsoil moisture deficit, estimated using broad scale (40 × 40 km)climate patterns, in conjunction with meteorological station measurements toobtain finer scale values of climatic soil moisture deficit. Point estimates ofsoil available water are obtained for soil characteristics using appropriatepedotransfer functions, and geostatistical techniques are used to upscale theresults and interpolate to a 1-km grid. Known heterogeneityin soil physical characteristics is used to provide local corrections to thepotential soil moisture deficit, estimated using the climatic variables above.Temporal profiles of monthly water content are modelled for each1-km location and classified into six classes usingunsupervised cluster analysis. The spatial distribution of these classesreflects regional variations in the availability of moisture and energy, onwhich finer-grained topographic patterns are superimposed. In the case study,the broad scale spatial heterogeneity of heathlands and grasslands on mineralsoils in Scotland is shown to be strongly related to the soil moistureclassification. The results can be used in studies investigating the patternsofdistribution of communities at the landscape and regional scale.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

引入青海省小尾寒羊的十二项血液指标的测定

对引入青海省小尾寒羊的十二项血液指标进行了测定。结果表明:血红蛋白含量为115.68±15.22(g/L),红细胞压积为0.35±0.04(L/L),血清总蛋白为73.4±4.2(g/L),血清钠为133.49±14.70(mmol/L),血清钾为5.54±1.64(mmol/L),全血钾为22.92±7.60(mmol/L),血清无机磷为1.21±0.12(mmol/L),血清氯为116.89±12.30(mmol/L),血清总钙2.45±0.32(mmol/L),血清游离钙0.85±0.30(mmol/L),血清结合钙1.61±0.06(mmol/L),血清游离钙百分率为33.58%±8.95%。     

Scale-dependent habitat use in three species of prairie wetland birds

We evaluated the influence of scale on habitat use for three wetland-obligate bird species with divergent life history characteristics and possible scale-dependent criteria for nesting and foraging in South Dakota, USA. A stratified, two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly select survey wetlands within strata defined by region, wetland density, and wetland surface area. We used 18-m (0.1 ha) fixed radius circular-plots to survey birds in 412 semipermanent wetlands during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Variation in habitat use by pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) and yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), two sedentary species that rarely exploit resources outside the vicinity of nest wetlands, was explained solely by within-patch variation. Yellow-headed blackbirds were a cosmopolitan species that commonly nested in small wetlands, whereas pied-billed grebes were an area-sensitive species that used larger wetlands regardless of landscape pattern. Area requirements for black terns (Chlidonias niger), a vagile species that typically forages up to 4 km away from the nest wetland, fluctuated in response to landscape structure. Black tern area requirements were small (6.5 ha) in heterogeneous landscapes compared to those in homogeneous landscapes (15.4–32.6 ha). Low wetland density landscapes composed of small wetlands, where few nesting wetlands occurred and potential food sources were spread over large distances, were not widely used by black terns. Landscape-level measurements related to black tern occurrence extended past relationships between wetlands into the surrounding matrix. Black terns were more likely to occur in landscapes where grasslands had not been tilled for agricultural production. Our findings represent empirical evidence that characteristics of entire landscapes, rather than individual patches, must be quantified to assess habitat suitability for wide-ranging species that use resources over large areas.     

Habitat utilization and vertical movements of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) released from commercial and recreational fishing gears in the western North Atlantic Ocean: inferences from short duration pop-up archival satellite tags

Researchers have applied numerous techniques to improve billfish stock assessments, including habitat‐based models that incorporate behavioral and oceanographic parameters to standardize historical catch‐per‐unit‐effort time‐series data. These methods have allowed researchers to account for significant changes in the depths of pelagic longline (PLL) gear deployments over time. This study presents habitat‐use data recovered from high‐resolution 5‐ and 10‐day pop‐up satellite archival tags (PSATs) attached to 47 surviving white marlin released from commercial and recreational fishing gears offshore of the U.S. East Coast, the northern Caribbean, and Venezuela between 2002 and 2004. Data recovered from transmitting tags indicated that white marlin spent nearly half of their time associated with warm, near‐surface waters (<10 m). All fish displayed frequent short duration (mean: 39.8 min) vertical excursions from surface waters to depths averaging 51 m. Qualitative and multivariate classifications of data from completely transmitted movements of surviving white marlin revealed two major types of descents: one pattern was characterized by deep ‘V’‐shaped excursions of relatively short duration (mean: 23.4 min) while the other featured descents that were more broadly ‘U’‐shaped and confined to a specific depth range for an extended period of time (mean: 75.8 min). Based on the frequency, persistence, and patterns of these vertical movements, white marlin appear to direct a considerable proportion of foraging effort well below surface waters, a behavior that may account for relatively high catch rates of white marlin on some deep‐set PLL deployments.     

Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries

Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade‐offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.     

TMDL计划与小流域污染综合治理思路的研究-以南水北调东线山东段治污为例

为了不断完善小流域污染综合治理思路,进一步推进水污染治理工作,对TMDL计划进行了介绍,并在治理思路、总量分配方法及总量分配公平性、合理性等多个方面与小流域污染综合治理思路进行比较,找出差异,吸收其有益的思路和措施。通过比较得出:①小流域污染综合治理和TMDL计划在思路上是一致的,但在总量分配及分配的公平性、水质目标可达性的保证率等方面存在着一定差异;②TMDL计划中的诸多措施可为小流域污染综合治理所吸收借鉴,并以此为基础对完善小流域综合治理提出了诸多合理的建议。     

平阳霉素对盆栽小菊意大利红的诱变效应

利用1、2、4、8 mg·L-1平阳霉素(PYM)对小菊品种意大利红离体培养的叶片和茎段进行诱变处理.结果表明,PYM对叶片和茎段愈伤组织的诱导和分化具有明显的抑制作用,随着PYM质量浓度的增加,愈伤组织的诱导和分化均呈明显的下降趋势.对茎段外植体经不同质量浓度PYM处理后的M1代,进行田间主要观赏性状观察和统计分析,发现诱变后代与对照相比,平均株高、冠幅、节间长度和叶片长/宽均减小,花径增大,管状花数目和舌状花数目增加.诱变后代中还出现了叶色、叶型、花色以及花型变异的植株.随着PYM质量浓度由低到高,花型的变异率分别为0、2.5%、3.3%和1.2%,花型多为舌状花向下翻卷,或舌状花前端变尖;花色的变异率分别为0、4.9%、8.2%和1.2%,花色均往浅色方向变异.PYM最适的诱变质量浓度为2～4 mg·L-1.     

通用小型四冲程汽油机排放性能

以168F型汽油机为例,引入排放物单工况分担率的概念,分析讨论了通用小型四冲程汽油机CO、HC、NOx排放物的生成特点。研究结果表明分担率能明确给出各工况的CO、HC、NOx排放值对整机比排放的影响,指出通用小型四冲程汽油机需在控制产品质量的前提下,通过优化汽油机整机与化油器的匹配,各工况点选用合适过量空气系数来优化燃烧过程,能够满足美国和欧洲现行第2阶段排放限值。